Review text

REVIEW

Social function review: To critique an art work or event for a public audience

Generic structure review:

1. Orientation ( background information on the text)
2. Evaluation ( concluding statement : judgment, opinion, or recommendation. It can consist of more than one.
3. Interpretative Recount ( summary of an art works including characters and plot).
4. Evaluative summation: the last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch line of the art works being criticized.

Language features review:

• Focus on specific participants
• Use of adjectives
• Use of long and complex clauses
• Use of metaphor
• Reviews are used to summarize, analyze and respond to art works. They may include: movie, TV shows, books, plays, concerts, etc.

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Discussion Text

DISCUSSION

Social function discussion: To present information and opinions about more than one side of an issue (“for” points “against” points)

Generic structure discussion:

1. Opening statement presenting the issue
2. Arguments or evidence for different points of view ( pros and cons)
3. Concluding recommendation

Language features discussion:

• Use of general nouns: alcohol, abortion, smoking, etc.
• Use of relating verbs: is, are, etc.
• Use of thinking verbs: think, feel, hope believe, etc.
• Use of additive connectives: addition, furthermore, besides, etc.
• Use of contrastive connectives: although, even, if, nevertheless, etc.
• Use of causal connectives: because, because of, etc.
• Use of modal auxiliary: must, should, etc.
• Use of adverbial manner: hopefully.

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Explanation Text

Explanation

The function explanation: to explain the process involved in the formation or working of natural or socio cultural phenomena

Generic structure explanation:

1. A general statement to position the reader
2. A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs
3. Closing

Language features explanation:

• Focus on generic, non-human participants.
• Use mainly of general and abstract nouns, action verbs, simple present tense, passive voice, conjunction of time and cause, noun phrases, complex sentences, and technical language.

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Spoof text

SPOOF

The function spoof : To tell an even with a humorous twist

Generic structure of spoof:

1. Orientation (who were involved, when and where was happened)
2. Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order)
3. Twist (provide the funniest part of the story)

Language features of spoof:

• Use of connectives (first, then, finally)
• Use of adverbial phrases of time and place (in the garden, two days ago)
• Use of simple past tense (he walked away from the village)

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Hortatory Exposition Text

HORTATORY EXPOSITION

The function hortatory exposition: To persuade the readers or the listeners that something should or should not be the case.

Generic structure hortatory exposition:

1. Thesis ( stating an issue of concern)
2. Arguments ( giving reasons for concern, leading recommendation)
3. Recommendation (stating what ought or ought not to happen)

Language features hortatory exposition:

• Emotive words: alarmed, worried
• Words that qualify statements: usual probably
• Words that link arguments: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore
• Usually present tense
• Compound and complex sentences
• Modal auxiliary: can, may, should, must

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Analytical Exposition Text

Analytical exposition

The function analytical exposition: to persuade the readers or the listeners that something in the case, to analyze or to explain.
Generic structure analytical exposition:

1. Thesis (usually includes a preview argument. It introduces topics and indicates the writer’s position)
2. Arguments (consists of a point and elaboration sequence. The number of points may vary, but each must be supported by discussion and evidence)
3. Reiteration (restates the position more forcefully in the light of the arguments presented)

Language features analytical exposition:

• Emotive words such as : alarmed, worried.
• Words that qualify statements such as: usual probably
• Words that link arguments such as: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore.
• Usually present tense
• Compound and complex sentences

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Report Text

REPORT

The function report: To describe the way things are (for example: a man -made thing, animals, plants). The things must be a representative of their class. 

Text organization report:

1. General classification (introduces the topic of the report/tells what phenomenon under discussion is.)
2. Description (tell the details of topic such as physical appearance, parts, qualities, habits/behaviour).

Language features report:

• Use of general nouns ( Whales, Kangaroo, Computer)
• Use of present tense(Komodo dragons usually weigh more than 160 kg)
• Use of behavioural verbs (Snakes often sunbathe in the sun)
• Use of technical terms ( Water contains oxygen and hydrogen)
• Use of relating verbs (is, are, has)

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News Item

NEWS ITEM

The function news item: To inform readers or listeners about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important. 

Generic structure news item:

1. News worthy event ( tells the event in a summary form)
2. Background events ( elaborate what happened, tell what caused the incident)
3. Sources ( comments by participants, witnesses, authorities and experts involved in the event)

Language features news item:

• Information on the use of head lines.
• Use of action verbs(cut, kick)
• Use of saying verbs( said)
• Use of passive sentences
• Use of adverbs in passive sentences

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Procedure Text

Procedure Text

Procedure Text is the text that contains the procedures, methods, processes, steps to make / create something.

The characteristics of the procedure text

1.Generic Structure
Goal / Aim: the purpose and intent of the text content
Example: How to make ....
Material / Tool: materials or tools needed to make / do something.
Steps / Procedures: steps or procedures in doing / making things.

2. Using tenses "simple present"

3. Often use the phrase commands (imperatives / orders)

4. Sequence of words (sequences). Example: first, second, then, next, the last, after that

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Exposition Text

Exposition

Purpose An exposition attempts to persuade the reader to believe something by presenting one side of the argument.

Structure The three parts of an exposition are:

-An introductory statement presents the writer’s point of view and previews the arguments to be presented.

-A series of arguments that aim to persuade the reader – new paragraph for each new argument. A topic sentence introduces the new argument.

-A conclusion sums up arguments and reinforces writer’s point of view.

Examples: Ads, editorials, legal defense

Language features of an exposition

Emotive words that show feelings and attitudes -
Words that link cause and effect - otherwise, firstly, secondly, finally
You can use second person words like commands -
Generalisations – broad statements to support ideas
Using arguments drawn from research, and statements of others to support the point/s
Cause and effect words – because, causes, stems from, consequently, leads to
Linking words - in addition, also, moreover, as well
Powerful descriptive words – sensational, 

Examples of an exposition

Ads, editorials, legal defence

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Recount Text

Generic Structure of Recount Text

• Orientation tells who was involved, what happened, where the events took place, and when it happened.
• Events tell what happened and in what sequence
• Reorientation consist of optional-closure of events or ending

Example of Recount Text

My Holiday in Bali

         When I was second of junior high school, my friends and I went to Bali. We were there for three days. I had many impressive experiences during the vacation.

         First day we visited Sanur Beach in the morning. We saw the beautiful sunrise together. It was a great scenery. Then we checked in to hotel. After we prepared our selves, we went to Tanah Lot. We met so many tourists there. They were not only domestic but also foreign tourists.

         Second day, we enjoyed the day on Tanjung Benoa beach. We played so many water sports such as banana boat, jetsky, speedboat, etc. We also went to Penyu Island to see many unique animals. They were turtles, snakes, and sea birds. We were very happy there. in the afternoon, we went to Kuta Beach to see the amazing sunset and enjoyed the beautiful wave.

         The last day we spent our day in Sangeh. We could enjoy the green and shady forest. There were so many monkeys. There were so tame but sometimes they could be naughty. We could make a close interaction with them. After that we went to Sukowati market for shopping. That was my lovely time. I bought some Bali T-shirt and souvenirs.

         In the evening, we had to check out from the hotel. We back home with many experiences.

  

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Descriptive Text

The Definition and Purpose of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.

The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text has structure as below:
Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described.
Description; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and characteristics.

The Language Feature of Descriptive Text
Using attributive and identifying process.
Using adjective and classifiers in nominal group.
Using simple present tense

Example of Descriptive Text

Komodo Dragon (Varanus Komodoensis)

The Komodo dragon or the Komodo monitor (Varanus Komodoensis) is a giant monitor lizard found in Komodo island, a small semi-arid island located between the islands of Sumbawa and Flores. The prehistoric animal can also be found in several other nearby islands including Rinca island in the Indonesian archipelago.

The Komodo dragon, which is called "Ora" by the local people, is considered the largest lizard and the last of their kind remaining in the world today. It can grow up to 3 to 4 meters in length and run at the speed of up to 24 kilometers per hour. 

The Komodo dragons use their forked tongue to sample the air for scents. Their eyesight is good for distinguishing movement and color as far away as 300 metres (980 ft) except in low light. Despite their visible earholes, they are only able to hear sounds between 400hz up to 2000 Hz. The giant monitor lizards, whose ancestors roamed the earth half a million years ago, are characterized by their short legs with large talons, a stout body and very long tails that can be used as weapon to crush an opponent. 

Preferring hot and dry places, the Komodo dragons typically live in dry open grassland, savanna, and tropical forest at low elevations. They are solitary animals and usually come together only to mate and feed on carrion. They sleep in caves or in gullies and among tree roots at night, and come out to feed in the morning. Female Komodo dragons can lay from 20 up to 40 eggs in a hole in the ground.

Komodo dragons' diet consists of a variety of animal species. Young Komodo dragons normally feed on insects and small lizards. However, they begin to eat mice and other small mammals as they grow older. Adult komodo dragons prey on bigger animals such as pigs, goats, deer, young buffaloes, and horses. Although the Komodo dragons are considered harmless, it is advisable to keep a safe distance from them.

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